For example, if a battalion situation template identifies a platoon-size enemy element on the company's objective and squad-size enemy elements on the platoons objective, the leader, using his knowledge of both the enemy's doctrine and terrain, develops a situation template positioning squad-size battle positions, crew-served weapons positions, or defensive trenches. How do I get him to go there? A-73. Leaders find their units' purposes in the concepts of the operation in the immediate higher headquarters OPORDs. In developing the concept of the operation , the leader clarifies in his mind the best ways to use the available terrain and to employ the unit's strengths against the enemy's weaknesses. A-94. What is the composition and strength of the enemy force? However, the weather forecaster at our station did not agree with that assessment. 2. Even if it offers clear observation and fields of fire, it offers nothing if the enemy can easily bypass it, or if the selected course of action involves maneuver on a different avenue of approach. I informed my co-pilot of my observation and positioned myself to take the controls if he couldn't correct our situation. Additionally, they apply these conclusions when they develop COA for both enemy forces and their units. This includes those personnel outside the area of operation whose actions, opinions, or political influence can affect the mission. He includes the requirements of indirect fire to support the maneuver. A COA sketch developed in one of several COA-editing tools that have We discussed the weather conditions and decided to keep an eye on it. The answers to the following questions become inputs into developing a COA. During mission analysis, the platoon leader . Current activities, capabilities, and limitations are some of the information necessary to build situational understanding. Will the current weather favor the use of smoke to obscure during breaching? Even if time is tight, the leader should allocate as much time as possible to factor, starting at the objective area, and analyzing other aspects of key terrain. 3. In general, terrain and weather do not favor one side over the other unless one is better prepared to operate in the environment or is more familiar with it. As addressed in step 1 of the TLP, time analysis is a critical aspect to planning, preparation, and execution. These tasks must be accomplished to achieve the subordinate units purpose. In order to keep communication at a standstill, phone lines are cut connecting the outside to the camp before the attack. The sustaining operations purposes are nested to the decisive and shaping operation's purposes by providing sustainment, operational area security, movement control, terrain management, and infrastructure. How will precipitation (or lack of it) affect the mobility of the unit or of enemy forces? Cabanatuan Essays: Examples, Topics, Titles, & Outlines Goal is to develop COAs for every feasible ECOA; however, the commander usually limits that option with his guidance. Analyzing METT-TC is a continuous process. A-47. Yet, when we actually made it to our destination, we could not see the other end of the airfield. Soon we had turned back and all the instruments were reading straight and level. Where is the dead space in my area of operations? How obvious are these positions to the enemy? Why (the units purpose, taken from the companies concept of the operation). This allows them to exercise initiative and judgment to accomplish the unit's purpose. Then, using doctrinal requirements as a guide, the leader assigns purposes and tasks to decisive, and shaping, and sustaining operations. A-45. He then develops the maneuver control measures necessary to convey his intent, enhance the understanding of the schemes of maneuver, prevent fratricide, and clarify the tasks and purposes of the decisive shaping, and sustaining operations. A-76. The leader should focus his efforts to develop at least one well-synchronized COA; if time permits, he should develop several. A-108. Forward area arming and refueling points. A-63. Ethnic dynamics include religion, cultural mores, gender roles, customs, superstitions, and values certain ethnic groups hold dear which differ from other groups. A-75. The co-pilot turned the aircraft and started a climb in preparation for an emergency GPS recovery. A-64. Enemy action where the leader has accepted risk such as an enemy attack where the friendly leader has chosen to conduct an economy of force. Prior to every flight, all units must use the risk management process to ensure the weather is more than just legal. Back on the ground with both flights shut down, we secured the aircraft and headed back to the TOC to check with Air Force weather regarding improved visibility later in the evening. (a) The decisive point method employs the following steps: Determine the decisive point and the results to be achieved there. Another example of essential terrain for a platoon and squad in the attack is high ground overlooking the enemy's reverse-slope defense. What additional Soldiers or units will accompany? He also determines the sustainment aspects of the COA. BMNT, sunrise, sunset, The faculty feedback from the exam will better prepare you for the COA S&S. Asset locations such as enemy command posts or ammunition caches. Analysis of troops and support answers the question: What assets are available to accomplish the mission? For example, an armor heavy task force organized with three armor and one STEP 5 Complete the course of action by preparing a statement and sketch. The operations purpose usually matches or achieves the purpose of the immediate higher headquarters. This additional information will assist the approval authority in making the final decision to accept the risk. A mission is task and purpose clearly indicating the action to be taken and reason for the action. Existing obstacles, natural include rivers; forests; mountains; ravines; gaps and ditches more than three meters wide; tree stumps and large rocks more than 18 inches high; forests with trees eight inches or more in diameter, with less than four meters between trees. Leaders capture their understanding of what their units are to accomplish in their revised mission statements. The leader must answer these questions: Precipitation Your browser does not support the video tag. NAI LOCATION EN COA INDICATOR NET/ NLT PRIORITY PRIMARY/ ALTERNATE CONFIRMATION REMARKS EVENT MATRIX (S2) ISR MATRIX (S3) 1. The leader must avoid unnecessary complicated mission command structures and maintain unit integrity where feasible. Capabilities A-29. A-80. A-43. These capabilities should include reasonable assets the next higher element, or other higher enemy headquarters, may provide. Poorly developed road systems may hamper logistical or rear area movement. He determines the specific quantity of squads, weapons (by type), and fire support necessary to accomplish each task against the enemy array of forces. The first example, which describes the process in detail, is a continuation of the exercise design . A-24. Develop a Concept of Operations Unless given the benefit of information collection, his situation template is only an estimate of how the enemy might be disposed. Higher headquarters information, he determines how the enemy is (or might be) arrayed. (Refer to Leaders constantly receive information, from the time they begin planning through execution. He allocates resources required for the decisive operation's success first and determines the resources needed for shaping operations in descending order of importance. How the COA accounts for minimum essential stability tasks. How can I use each avenue of approach to support my movement and maneuver? area of operation as well as the doctrinal requirements for each specified task might reveal the implied tasks. Visualizing a valid decisive point is how the leader determines how to achieve success and accomplish his purpose. If he has developed more than one COA, he applies this same analysis to each COA developed. Where do I position indirect fire observers? Write your commanders intent to address key tasks or conditions that must be met to achieve the stated purpose and end state. MDMP Step 3: COA Development Flashcards | Quizlet These may be indigenous, come from a third country or U.S. agencies. An example of a (partial) sketch of a course of action. Complete. If I must support a breach, where is the expected breach site and where will the enemy be overwatching the obstacle? Even if time is tight, the leader should allocate as much time as possible to factor, starting at the. It also gives subordinates the maximum latitude for initiative. For example, fratricide is a hazard categorized as an accident risk; surface danger zones and risk estimate distance are used to identify the controls, such as TRP and phase lines, to reduce this accidental risk. What is the potential for chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear contamination? He compares their COA with the enemy's most probable COA. Gaining local support can best be accomplished by the leader who demonstrates dignity and respect to the civilian population he is charged to protect and train. An intervisibility line analysis enables the leader to visualize the profile view of terrain when only a topographic product (map) is provided. The mission brief went as usual. The leader groups mutually supporting mobility corridors to form an avenue of approach. Consider all nonmilitary groups or institutions in the area of operation. This is extremely important in understanding when and where to commit combat power, what relationships can be reinforced with certain groups versus what relationships need to start or cease, and ultimately what second and third order effects our actions will have in the area of operation. On another mission, we were told we had legal weather, the forecaster reporting three miles visibility. How will it affect the enemy? Recent Activities COA Statement and Sketch Pajota's Guerillas' mission is to block off a mile of road through the use of road blocks on both sides of the highway bridge cross over Cabu Creek of an estimated 300 yards northeast from compound. Where (the objective or location stated in company OPORD), and. COA analysis allows the leader to synchronize his assets, identify potential hazards, and develop a better understanding of the upcoming operation. The leader should clearly explain what the decisive point is to his subordinate leaders and why it is decisive; this objective, in conjunction with his commander's intent, facilitates subordinate initiative. A-88. Just because the report you receive says you have legal weather, don't always assume it is accurate. A-41. He makes significant deductions about the terrain, enemy, and own forces affecting operations. Offensive considerations the leader can include in his evaluation of avenues of approach: A-46. If it does, the leader's job is to take the existing solution and modify it to his unique situation. As the passengers boarded, I noticed a slight haze in the distance. At the lower levels, leaders conduct their mission analyses by evaluating METT-TC. A-109. Identify number of units needed and operational. A-50. We stopped our climb at a base altitude of 3,000 feet and returned to the airfield. As suggested by Davis in [3], interacting with a software program should feel natural, informal, Critical events for each COA. The leader develops his entire COA from the decisive point. Engineer forces might be needed to improve mobility or platoon and squads might have to deviate from doctrinal tactics. Money and resources drive prosperity and stability. The fifth mission variable of METT-TC is time available. They decide where their forces can deploy into attack formations that facilitate the initial contact and still provide freedom of action for the bulk of their forces. COA Development Flashcards | Quizlet The leader identifies critical factors about cloud cover, including limits on illumination and solar heating of targets. What are all likely enemy avenues into my area of operations? Decisive point and what makes it decisive. Essential Task. The leader also determines the capabilities of the next higher enemy element. During all phases, leaders consider critical times, unusable time, the time it takes to accomplish activities, the time it takes to move, priorities of work, and tempo of operations. The Coa Statement And Sketch Term Paper - 1240 Words A-53. Questions A-40. COA Statement and Sketch - BestAcademicExperts.com Leaders analyze the enemy's dispositions, compositions, strengths, doctrine, equipment, capabilities, vulnerabilities, and probable COA. What are the strengths and weaknesses of subordinate leaders? Sustaining operation purposes relate directly to those of the decisive and shaping operations. This is key terrain which seizure, retention, or control is necessary for mission accomplishment. A-68. The process of getting from the original COA inputs (statement and sketch) to the formal inputs needed . This doctrinal requirement provides a framework for the leader to develop a COA. Will wind speed and direction favor enemy use of obscurants? Although EEFIs are not part of the CCIRs, they still become priorities when the leader states them. Leaders analysis must determine the types of vehicles, Soldiers, and equipment the enemy could use against his unit. Higher headquarters (two levels up) mission, intent, and concept. This process is designed to facilitate the decision-making process. A-32. Gaining complete understanding of the enemy's intentions can be difficult when his situation templates, composition, and disposition are unclear. A-98. Leaders identify existing (inherent to terrain and either natural or man-made) and reinforcing (tactical or protective) obstacles limiting mobility in his area of operation. Leaders in small units primarily use the COA statement and COA sketch to describe the concept of the operation. COA Sketch and Narrative A graphic and text description of the COA Should include: Scheme of Maneuver in chronological order A Main Effort action with task and purpose Supporting Effort actions with task and purpose Can use Close, Deep and Rear operations Phasing/ staging/ timing Developing a synchronization matrix here for each COA will be helpful during wargaming How will each avenue of approach affect the rate of movement of each type force? This appendix provides six examples to explain how scenario blueprints are designed and used. This product is similar to the MCOO in it shows the critical military aspects of terrain. Because of the uncertainty always present in operations at the small unit level, leaders cannot be expected to think of everything during their analysis. This should include at least the employment of reserves, CBRN weapons, artillery or mortar locations and ranges, and reconnaissance assets. In such a situation, a leader must rely on information provided by battalion or higher echelon Course of Move statement. Only those requiring resources should be used. In it, leaders show terrain mobility classifications, key terrain, intervisibility lines, known obstacles, avenues of approach, and mobility corridors. A-117. A-96.People is a general term describing all nonmilitary personnel military forces encountered in the area of operation. A-116. The leader looks at specific enemy actions during a given operation and uses the appropriate situation template to gain insights into how the enemy may fight. Or, they might have to move much more slowly than they would like. Which terrain provides bounding elements with cover and concealment while increasing lethality? Other systems? What locations afford cover and concealment as well as good observation and fields of fire? Strong winds and wind turbulence limit airborne, air assault, and aviation operations. How can I use these features to force the enemy into its engagement area, deny him an avenue, or disrupt his movement? The need for control measures, such as checkpoints, contact points, and target registration points, aid in control, flexibility, and synchronization. A-110. Disposition A sketch typically includes symbols of friendly and enemy units, assembly. By defining organizations within the community, leaders can understand what groups have power and influence over their own smaller communities and what groups can assist our forces. Where can I destroy the enemy? Concept Statement & Sketch - YouTube What is the supply status of ammunition, water, fuel (if required), and other necessary items? Composition The decisive operation's purpose is nested to his unit's overall purpose and is achieved at his decisive point. Extremes of temperature and humidity reduce personnel and equipment capabilities and may require the use of special shelter or equipment. The memory aid the higher headquarters may use to analyze and describe these civil considerations is ASCOPE. How can the enemy use each avenue of approach? Course of Action Statement/Sketch - Study Research Papers Wind always is described as "fromto" as in "winds are from the east moving to the west." They influence and interact with the populace, force, and each other. An example of a basic COA sketch is shown in Figure 1-1. PDF Tools of The Company Commander We had passengers, field Soldiers, aircrew and our aircraft to consider. 8. A COA should position the unit for future operations and provide flexibility to meet unforeseen events during execution. A-52. Structures It enables him, A-123. In analyzing the enemy, the leader must understand the Strength It also should give subordinates the maximum latitude for initiative. A-61. The terrain, however, may favor defending or attacking. Leaders must know more than just the number and types of vehicles, Soldiers, and weapons the enemy has. Assigning areas of operations to subordinates lets the subordinates use their initiative and supports decentralized execution. Most missions and tasks can be accomplished in more than one way. This team effort ensured a more accurate assessment for the battle captain. It was only then that I was able to look outside again. The leader must identify risks based on the results of his mission analysis. A-79. Information needed to complete paragraphs 3, 4, and 5 of the OPORD. For example, in the conduct of attacks, leaders might prioritize the areas immediately around their objective for analysis, followed by the platoons specific axis leading to the objective. Priority intelligence requirements are information a leader needs to know about terrain or enemy to make a critical decision. Categories of terrain, restricted terrain hindering movement somewhat. He must be able to see his own tasks and enemy actions in relation to time. Capabilities Other crewmembers noticed the same thing. Coa Statement And Sketch Example digitalpictures If the method isn't listed, select other. The three types of tasks are specified, implied, and essential. (DRAW-D [defends, reinforce, attack, withdraw, or delay]). Leaders must continually improve their situational understanding ", A-33. Army Coa Examples - Army Military Another critical step was checking the weather for the evening. After these groups have been defined, analyzing them and determining their contributions or resistance to friendly operations is easier. The area of interest includes threat forces or other elements characterizing the operational environment and greatly influencing the accomplishment of the mission. The concept of the operation describes the relationships between activities, events, and tasks, and explains how the tasks will lead to accomplishing the mission. An area of interest is a geographical area, usually larger than the leader's area of operation. Differences between the situation templates must be resolved before the leader can continue analyzing the enemy. It succinctly describes the enemy's aim, means, and approach to achieving its end state. These significant deductions drive the planning process and execution of operations. For armored forces, steep slopes, densely spaced obstacles, and absence of a developed road system characterize severely restricted terrain. PDF From Visual to Logical Representation A GIS-Based Sketching Tool for In the operational environment, this might be the most important analysis the leader conducts and is likely to yield the most useful information to the leader. A COA describes how the unit might generate the effects of overwhelming combat power against the enemy at the decisive point with the least friendly casualties. Leaders who identify the economic production base of their area of operation can execute civil-military campaigns within their area of operation bolstering the economic welfare of the people. It is a continuous cycle of action, reaction, and counteraction. What terrain has higher headquarters named as key? He made an informed decision to put the crews on standby in case the weather lifted. Examples include mine fields (conventional and situational); antitank ditches; wire obstacles. The sequence can vary. The observer must observe both the impact and effects of indirect fires. Commanders should limit their CCIRs to essential information. A-44. Analysis of troops follows the same logic as analyzing the enemy by identifying capabilities, vulnerabilities and strengths. Click the card to flip . Performance Knowledge Bases program is an example of an enabling tool towards that goal. Staff COA. Our pilot report, along with others, gave the forecaster more information to augment his observation. A-78. Some temperature considerations include: A-65. The leader must assess what terrain is essential to mission accomplishment. If executed, the COA accomplishes the mission consistent with the higher commander's concept and intent. Operations/actions consist of numerous activities, events, and tasks. Start with Situation Template 2. ), Table A-1. -Tasks and purposes of the decisive, shaping, and sustaining operations. They must clearly understand their immediate higher up intent from the OPORD. To determine how to maximize the effects of combat power while protecting friendly forces and minimizing collateral damage. Based on the S-2s assessment and enemy's doctrine and current location, the leader must determine the enemy's capabilities. The CCIRs identify and filter information needed by leaders to support their vision and to make critical decisions, especially to determine or validate COA. Key Term coa statement and sketch example; Course Hero uses AI to attempt to automatically extract content from documents to surface to you and others so you can study better, e.g., in search results, to enrich docs, and more. Areas of operation. He also may make sound assumptions about the enemy, human nature, and local culture. It is also why he must clearly explain his intent to his subordinates. Routine, cyclical, planned, or spontaneous activities which significantly affect organizations, people, and military operations, including seasons, festivals, holidays, funerals, political rallies, and agricultural crop/livestock and market cycles and paydays. Some cloud cover questions follow: Temperature and Humidity Will temperatures and humidity favor the use of nonpersistent chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear? If the leader determines his tentative decisive point is not valid during COA development or analysis, then he must determine another decisive point and restart COA development. Categories of terrain, unrestricted terrain free of restrictions to movement, so no actions are needed to enhance mobility. A-21. Identify friendly strengths to exploit the enemy weakness. This then would restrict the unit's ability to mass the effects of combat power. Near the ground, high winds increase turbulence and may inhibit maneuver. What is the location of current and probable enemy positions? Pajota's Guerillas' mission is to block off a mile of road through the use of road blocks on both sides of the highway bridge cross over Cabu Creek of an estimated 300 yards northeast from compound. Avenues of approach are classified by type (mounted, dismounted, air, or subterranean), formation, and speed of the largest unit traveling on it. COA analysis (war gaming) brings together friendly and enemy forces on the actual terrain to visualize how the operation will unfold. We informed the battle captain of our weather forecaster's concerns of flying the mission. He also identifies positions where artillery observers can call for indirect fire. A-104. Leaders analyze terrain using the categories of Acceptable. 1 / 38. A-31. This preview shows page 13 - 24 out of 34 pages. Commanders and staff officers who make link-diagrams of leadership including religious, political, and criminal personnel allow focused planning and decentralized execution which bolsters legitimacy within the population. When integrated with terrain, the refined product becomes the unit's operations overlay. Will the sun rise behind my attack or in my eyes? Constraints either prohibit or require an action. A-59. They could have a hard time maintaining optimum speed, moving in some types of combat formations, or transitioning from one formation to another. The military advantage gained by executing the COA must justify the cost in resources, especially casualties. Area of interest. This information can be maintained in a checkbook-style matrix for use during COA development (specifically array forces). Leaders understand their immediate headquarters concept of the operation. The platoon leader begins mission analysis when receiving the mission. COA statement should identify -Decisive point, and what makes it decisive. PPT - Course of Action Development (MDMP) PowerPoint Presentation, free Leaders also answer . The leader, based on his initial analysis of METT-TC, his situational awareness, his vision, and insight into how such factors can affect the unit's mission, should visualize where, when, and how his unit's ability to generate combat power (firepower, protection, maneuver, leadership, and information) can overwhelm the enemy's abilities to generate combat power. AGADAP Example Walk-through Part 3:. Identifies how the enemy may potentially fight; the leader weighs the result of his analysis of terrain and weather against the higher headquarters situation template. Civil considerations of the environment can either help or hinder friendly or enemy forces; the difference lies in which leader has taken time to learn the situation and its possible effects on the operation. A-87. The leader also determines how to avoid enemy strengths or advantages in combat power. They must go beyond merely passing along the MCOO to their subordinate leaders and making general observations of the terrain such as "This is high ground," or "This is a stream." Template of enemy forces and essential weapon systems.

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