WebHowever, current and recent conflicts, inequality and social exclusion (due to age, gender, race and ethnicity) are threatening the value of this diversity and limiting freedom of expression. As a result, millions of people from Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan looking for work traveled north to Russia, where wages were higher, jobs were plentiful, and the language was familiar. 0000002957 00000 n The countries of South Asia are incredibly diverse, so there are no simple takeaways from these trends. Figure 4 draws on three datasets on political violence in Pakistan over time.4 While they examine somewhat different definitions of violence, and all of the crucial caveats about data quality outlined above for India hold for Pakistan as well, the basic trend of sharply decreasing fatalities in political violence over the last decade is consistent across them. The state is resurgent, and insurgencies have been eliminated or contained. In some cases, it came through bargaining and political accommodation; in others, the raw application of extremely intense violence; in still others, a long and slow process of containment that has led to a relatively low level of violence even without a real resolution of conflict. One way to do this is to ask mental health experts to host community workshops specifically for South Asian communities. When it comes to dating, cultural expectations of South Asian families can conflict with western norms. -- Volume 26, Number 2, October 2011, Editorial Board WebSouth Asia is one of the most vulnerable regions globally to a number of direct and indirect effects of climate change, including sea level rise, cyclonic activity, and changes in ambient temperature and precipitation patterns. The movements, thus, have become contested power games around the issues of class, caste/ethnicity, gender, region and development. -- Volume 34, Number 3, November 2019, Editorial Board hTn0E|,[um)Bj,CM=!E*. Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia Yet violence appears to have declined, with the caveat that security force operations are opaque. -- Volume 33, Number 2, July 2018, Editorial Board Geopolitical stability and regional relationships In 2018, there were less than 100 reported conflict-related fatalities, compared to approximately 1,100 in 2008. Infrastructure Lags in Regions Megacities, Government Policies in South Asia Lead to Gains in Life Expectancy, Bangladesh: Sanitation Service Access vs. -- Volume 37, Number 1, March 2022, Editorial Board 0000002827 00000 n Six Pressing Issues in Asia and How We're - The Asia Foundation Issues like water scarcity, poverty, food insecurity, resource depletion, climate change, environmental degradation, inadequacy of health services, and so forth directly affect millions of South Asians. In a number of cases, a self-sustaining, pro-state political order remains distant, and the security apparatus is instead needed to deter or contain resistance. To this day, money sent back home by these migrant workers accounts for as much as a third of some countries economies. In Bangladesh, the highly personalized Awami League uses the security forces as a tool of regime survival. Despite having a long historical background, critics suggest that the social movements are increasingly contested with identity politics and agrarian issues. Finally, Bangladesh has become a de facto competitive authoritarian regime in which the ruling Awami League established a dominant position. SOJOURN is published thrice a year, in March, July and November. Rather, it is exposing in a single word the reason why overcoming systemic violence based on gender is so difficult. This is a hugely important shift. Bangladesh provided support for insurgents in the past, but the Awami League government of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina has been fairly friendly to India. -- Volume 35, Number 1, March 2020, Editorial Board Its home to Previously, when all five Central Asian countriesKazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistanbelonged to the former Soviet Union, Moscow ensured that Russian language and literature were taught in schools and that Russian dominated all forms of media, despite these former Soviet republics each having their own native language. This site uses cookies to optimize functionality and give you the best possible experience. The poverty rate among immigrant Asian minors those under the age of 18 was slightly higher, at 16%. The fact that much of the Islamist militancy Pakistan has faced in recent years in part arose from the security establishments own past policies has not reduced the militarys heralding of its successes against the TTP. Pew Research Center As an admittedly crude proxy, however, overall conflict-related fatalities data leaves little doubt about broad trends. While economic distress is weighing down all South Asian countries, some are coping better than others. All of the active conflict zones remain potential areas of resurgence (for instance, the TTP has been trying to re-consolidate), but, compared to a decade ago, Pakistans security establishment has achieved a major shift in the balance of forces. endstream endobj 78 0 obj <>stream 0000003934 00000 n India's child malnutrition levels nearly double those of sub-Saharan Africa; one in ten Pakistani Familiar landmarks created by the cold war have not Pew Research Center The last two decades have seen both a dramatic decrease in insurgency-related violence and a noticeable growth in state coercive power. South Asians in Canada have reported some of the highest mental health issues this year. In another film, PK, an alien wanders around India confused by the countrys variousand seemingly incompatiblereligions. As in the mountainous peripheries where the state waged counterinsurgency against the TTP, due process and rule of law have been troubled in the Karachi operations. The same is true of the internal security buildup, both in terms of funding and MHA force sizes, as well as the policies toward both the Northeast and Naxalite-influenced areas. There is not a clear partisan dynamic in these changes. Research has repeatedly demonstrated that a fulfilling career leads to better life satisfaction, and as a result, lower psychological problems. in South Asia India and Pakistan continue to heavily garrison areas of insurgency, regardless of violence levels. 2 Both can be accessed at https://satp.org/. This article focuses on the core states of the Indian subcontinent. In less than a decade, for example, India is projected to overtake China as the worlds most populous country. In the regions largest states, rather than reductions in violence opening space for revitalized democracy, there has been democratic decay or stagnation. In nutshell, although having a century long background of various social movements, South Asia is undergoing a burgeoning phase of social movements transformation, which is outcome of the various factors including reluctantly changing state structure vis--vis social development, rights regime, marginalization, and conflict resolutions. endstream endobj 80 0 obj <>stream In a complex, changing, and increasingly contested world, the Carnegie Endowment generates strategic ideas and independent analysis, supports diplomacy, and trains the next generation of international scholar-practitioners to help countries and institutions take on the most difficult global problems and safeguard peace. Third, even noninsurgent violence has the potential to spiral into broader conflict. WebThe problems of the South Asian region are different from those in the developed world. -- Volume 32, Number 3, November 2017, Editorial Board Despite this heterogeneity, several possible sources of recurring insurgency can be identified, even in an era of increased state power. Climate change in South Asia Socio-economic Scenario of South Asia: An Overview of Impacts Pakistans counterinsurgency successes have been accompanied by the militarys enduring political power and serious limits on rights. And these challenges will likely become more severe as the regions population continues to balloon. In both scenarios, mental health and resiliency is compromised in the long term. Regions of the World, Return to You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. South Asian Americans Plunged into its worst-ever economic crisis, Sri Lankas real GDP is expected to fall by 9.2 percent this year and a further 4.2 percent in 2023. WASHINGTON, October 6, 2022Beset with Sri Lankas economic crisis, Pakistans catastrophic floods, a global slowdown, and impacts of the war in Ukraine, South Asia faces an unprecedented combination of shocks on top of the lingering scars of the COVID-19 pandemic. WebMost Indians do not identify as South Asian, raising concerns for the viability of it as a classification. The collectivist nature of South Asian culture can feel comforting and supportive with close-knit family ties and a sense of connection to something larger than the self. The group has since splintered, with cadres retreating into Afghanistan, abandoning the fight, or lying low. From the viewpoint of economics, the high population growth in South Asia has slowed down economic growth, increased the foreign trade imblance, and worsened The peak of this conflicts violence, in 2010, was reached much later than in J&K and the Northeast but has since seen a drop to a consistent but lower level in recent years. Challenges and opportunities for South Asia Bangladesh is especially dense, with over 160 million people living in an area the size of Iowa. This has not been a seamless process, and there have been various forms of political violence and conflict since the end of the civil war, but the war has nevertheless decisively ended. A chart showing the projected populations of India and China over the next several decades, with India's population surpassing China's before 2030. Figure 5 shows trends in V-Dems Liberal Democracy index since 2000 (higher numbers indicate greater liberal democracy). Indias coercive apparatus, meanwhile, is vast and growing, but ideological hubris and political exclusion risk backlash. Top Left: Sri Lankan Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike (1960), Top Right: Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto (1988), Bottom Left: Nepalese President Bidhya Devi Bhandari (2016), Bottom Right: Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi (1971), Source: (Clockwise starting from top left) Keystone/Getty Images, Gamma-Rapho/Getty Images, AFP/GettyImages, Eric Piper/Getty Images. And similar to Europe, local identity is strong in Indiaturnout for state assembly elections is often higher than that for national elections. There have been sustained and credible allegations of human rights violations by Indian security forces and various insurgent groups, major disruptions to civilian life, and mainstream political systems in these areas requiring heavy force deployments to be sustainable. (Clockwise starting from top left) Keystone/Getty Images, Gamma-Rapho/Getty Images, AFP/GettyImages, Eric Piper/Getty Images, How the World Works and Sometimes Doesnt, Return to Like most international sporting events, the World Nomad Games also serve as a political forum. 0 WebContemporary South Asia (1992), 1(1), 143-146 Commentary Challenges and opportunities for South Asia M. B. NAQVI The destruction of both communism and the Soviet state in what was the USSR has profoundly changed the geopolitical environment of South Asia. HS1WRtqmf"g/Ugh+3T*{q`U?o>)Tn0XL&)ZOrST=_7:[rchll^b. A map showing the major religion in each country of South Asia. Poverty rates among U.S.-born and foreign-born Asians were 9% and 11%, respectively, that year. High commodity prices also worsened Pakistans external imbalances, bringing down its reserves. Here are seven challenges the bloc faces in promoting sustainable economic growth, and suggested steps to solve them. Yet, in some countries, ideas about gender are evolving. The third is a sprawling belt in central and eastern India where various Maoist insurgent groups (known as Naxalites) have been operating for decades. 0000008464 00000 n Its constitution recognizes twenty-two languages, and its population is bigger than Africas. The U.S. foreign-born population reached a record 44.8 million in 2018. Social movements in southern Asia have been shaped by the social relations dominated by the elites of the south Asian societies who share some common features in terms of culture and ideology. To this end, the report offers two recommendations. Such massive populations present economic opportunities for South Asian countries but also leave the regionone already prone to floods and heat wavesmore vulnerable to climate change and the spread of disease. (For context, Iowa has just over three million people.) The combined effects of COVID-19 and the record-high commodity prices due to the war in Ukraine took a heavier toll on Sri Lanka, exacerbating its debt woes and depleting foreign reserves. =rJub^#ivFackYh}QY?M If you continue to navigate this website beyond this page, cookies will be placed on your browser. HMk1+tLDiB;;lbCKrVb5;zL3W=~,PA+h~={|7bem]}274(gHR/f5>0DT|[iJ)%EkllWF4o6#2mKTk5Wu#kN8I*bP"P3/@G (cP Figure 1 below shows fatality data from the nongovernmental South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP), and Figure 2 shows official Indian government data from the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).2. Your IP: The main reason is the general scarcity of two critical resources essential to the development and implementation of such policies: capital and technology. Suppressing violence is not necessarily the same as resolving conflict. The TAF2020 exercise highlighted six important ways in which Asia is changing, and where we need to apply all of our resources, analytical skills, partnership It is in Kashmir where the Modi government has most dramatically shifted policy by revoking the autonomy of and bifurcating the state of Jammu and Kashmir, accompanied by a massive crackdown on movement, communication, and political activity. South Asia %%EOF Depending on where the state has perceived threats and where armed groups have been willing to work with it, there have been dramatically different landscapes of violence. From 2002 to 2006, there was a ceasefire before brief, ill-fated negotiations that collapsed back into pitched warfare. This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website. -- Volume 32, Number 1, March 2017, Editorial Board Extreme climate-related events - heatwaves, storms, floods, fires and droughts - affect more than half of the region's population every year and continue to burden South Asian countries economies. This urban boom presents challenges for governments in megacitieslike Dhaka, Bangladesh and Mumbai, Indiathat struggle to provide services like transportation and sanitation for their inhabitants. issues Government policies have also gone a long way toward improving health in the region. The figures show that in J&K and the Northeast, the late 1990s and early 2000s saw intense conflict. Second, interstate politics are shifting in South Asia, opening the possibility of new dynamics of cross-border spillover, proxy warfare, and state sponsorship of armed groups. 1 On the edges of South Asia, Myanmar sees a broadly similar patternthough important insurgencies continue, a patchwork project of ceasefires combined with ongoing state repression has forged a degree of ugly stability in areas of enduring conflict. Non-state armed groups can bolster rather than undermine state power. Some may still follow through with their desires in secrecy, but live in a constant fear of being found out. Contemporary Issues in South Asia Nova Science Publishers By using this website, you agree to our cookie policy. South Asia Create a free account and access your personalized content collection with our latest publications and analyses. Social movements in southern Asia have been shaped by the social relations dominated by the elites of the south Asian societies who share some common features in 0000007388 00000 n WebSouth Asia has some of the worst levels of human deprivation in the world. For instance, Nepals peace process is a model of civil war termination through a political settlement, while the Sri Lanka governments destruction of the LTTE left a trail of dead and displaced civilians. Survey data from the report suggests that in late 2021 and early 2022, migration flows are associated with movement from areas hit hard by the pandemic to those that were not, thus helping equilibrate demand and supply of labor in the aftermath of the COVID-19 shock. 92 0 obj <>stream .chakra .wef-facbof{display:inline;}@media screen and (min-width:56.5rem){.chakra .wef-facbof{display:block;}}You can unsubscribe at any time using the link in our emails. Immigrants today account for 13.7% of the U.S. population, nearly triple the share (4.8%) in 1970. Third, the international environment has changed in the last fifteen years. India eradicated polio in 2014 after a campaign that vaccinated millions of children. -- Volume 24, Number 1, April 2009, Editorial Board Consequently, many young South Asians keep their relationships hidden due to internalized shame and a fear of being rejected by their families. India makes more than 1,500 movies a yearalmost triple the number Hollywood producesand the cultural significance of these films cannot be understated. Sources: World Bank Macro Poverty Outlook and staff calculations. In 2019, a group of South Asian Americans petitioned the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to cancel a planned award for Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi. In all of these cases, anti-state violence is now below its twenty-first-century peak. -- Volume 27, Number 1, April 2012, Editorial Board ;`w#O*>Brq` pdtw:E7[mEb"0pf"AEA57A{)c Job Discrimination Since the end of the Korean War, the Korean economy Firstly, cutting the costs migrants face should be high on the policy agenda. Governments have established greater control of previously contested territories, deployed new technologies of surveillance, and, in some cases, fused party rule with state coercive power. Database searches were conducted in eight electronic databases. Labor mobility across and within countries enables economic development by allowing people to move to locations where they are more productive. In parts of Pakistan, nearly one-third of all primary schoolaged girls are not in school. University of Windsor provides funding as a member of The Conversation CA-FR. In the nearly three decades since their independence, the former Soviet Republics of Central Asia have drifted from Russian influence. The Northeast is also the site of Indias most successful peace deals in internal conflicts. Central Asian Society Drifts From Soviet Past, National Cultures Put on Display at Central Asian World Nomad Games, Central Asian Migration to Russia Brings Money, Social Problems. %PDF-1.4 % The World Bank Group works in every major area of development. This is another reason for mental health challenges like depression and anxiety, especially in women who may feel like they are putting the familys honour at risk by dating. A silent mental health crisis exists among South Asian communities. 0000033910 00000 n -- Volume 33, Number 3, November 2018, Editorial Board <<74F53B64ECF66F4D8721F1E5DB6020AC>]>> 0000004679 00000 n -- Volume 34, Number 1, March 2019, Editorial Board HTMk1tFO(cIJc% The second factor in reducing insurgent violence has been Indias effective use of ceasefires, demobilization deals, and amnesties in the Northeast to peel off and demobilize insurgent factions. Paul Staniland is a nonresident scholar in the South Asia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Political Violence in South Asia: The Triumph of the State? Its massive fan base spans Africa, Central Asia, the Middle East, and even across the border in Pakistan. This unpredictability makes it at least conceivable that there could be renewed efforts by states to support rebellions in strategic areas. In Bangladesh, regime repression of dissent and of opposition movements have been commonplace. Furthermore, there is little systematic data on nonfatal human rights violations, such as torture and sexual violence. -- Volume 22, Number 2, October 2007, Editorial Board Its home to 1.3 billion people and has twenty-two official regional languages. For many youth, entering into a relationship prior to marriage is discouraged. Dragons and Tigers is the only textbook that covers all three regions South Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia in one textbook. Various countries of the South Asian region suffer from intense forms of exclusion in social terms and gaps at the infrastructural level. 63 30 In operational term, the paper fleshes out the key analytical question as How have the social movements been subject to power and contestation in the south Asia?, State of Social Movements in South Asia: Critical Reflections and Implications, An annual anthology on global power and resistance. Click to reveal Forged from a partnership between a university press and a library, Project MUSE is a trusted part of the academic and scholarly community it serves. Regions of the World. Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, Editorial Board key challenges for the future of Like European countries, Indias states are drawn along ethnic and linguistic lines and have distinct cultures. MHA data can also be found in its annual reports (https://www.mha.gov.in/documents/annual-reports) and, for the Northeast, on the North East Divisions website (https://www.mha.gov.in/division_of_mha/north-east-division). You are leaving the website for the Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy and entering a website for another of Carnegie's global centers. While there is a heavy security force presence in the region, there has also been space for long-running ceasefires and negotiations that reduce violence even when they do not fully resolve contested political issues. High-quality, standards-aligned classroom resources, lesson plans, teaching inspiration, and professional development opportunitiesall inspired by our mission that Global Civics is essential for twenty-first century citizenship. Finally, the paper anticipates a call for the collective colloquium of south Asian social movements. Nevertheless, a large security presence has been established in Tamil areas, justified by the specter of resurgent revolt, and state forces have not been held accountable for past human rights abuses. Drawing on its nomadic culture, Kyrgyzstan launched the World Nomad Games in 2014. And in Nepal, a Maoist insurgency fought its way into a stalemate with Nepals security forces by 2005. Challenging South Asias Toxic Patriarchy Through Podcasts This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. Pakistans Benazir Bhutto became the first woman to lead a Muslim-majority democratic country, serving as prime minister from 1988 to 1990 and again from 1993 to 1996.

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