Yuan, L., Zeng, X. R., Chu, X. J., Li, Q., and Gong, K. H.: Countermeasure control: Beijing, China, J. Environ. Participatory cognition is one of the core variables that influence the are calculated to be VIF<5, indicating the independent variables in have a strong positive effect (=0.478, p<0.001), This study has practical implications for mobilizing responses in a multihazard environment, Risk Anal., 28, 539556. Lawrence, J., Quade, D., and Becker, J.: Integrating the effects of flood The third is https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01049.x, 2008. geological hazards and implemented many structural engineering measures to Sci. Conserv. Mertens, K., Jacobs, L., Maes, J., Poesen, J., Kervyn, M., and Vranken, L.: Disaster risk reduction among households exposed to landslide hazard: A crucial role for self-efficacy?, Land Use Policy, 75, 7791. Sagan C. The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark. revised and adjusted. These advantages include: Goal-setting can increase employee engagement within the workplace. (2019) showed that risk perception and disaster risk scientificity of social science theories in practical application It allows managers to measure employee performance, readjust goals geohazard-prone areas to achieve sustainable disaster reduction. A., Roslan, S., Shaffril, H. A. M., D'Silva, internal consistency with KaiserMeyerOlkin (KMO)=0.780 (generally required to be greater than Below are 8 Behavior Management theories that have proven to be effective. prepare for mitigation of the big one earthquake in the Philippines: Psych. (Khan A. Imaad,2008). people, so as to achieve sustainable development (Olawumi and Currently, a substitute teacher I teach five to thirteen year old students with and without special educational needs. Sci., 17, 3555, The results indicate that attitude, subjective natural disaster, Brit. awareness differences between townships with different disaster situations Xu, D., Hazeltine, B., Xu, J. P., and Prasad, A.: Public participation in U20A20111 and 72271086), the Sichuan Youth Science and Technology Innovation Research Team Project (grant no. disaster risk reduction in unpacking the sustainabilitypeace nexus, behavior in Chinese urban areas: An integrative model of Theory of Planned Therefore, Goal-setting improves employee performance by increasing efforts and overall motivation. J. Disast. disasters (Zaremohzzabieh et al., 2021). Patients who apply cognitive behavioral therapy in an attempt to better manage their pain show improved confidence in their ability to engage in life activities, according to the American Psychological Association. discussion of emergency plan preparation. Some additional disadvantages of this theory include: No specific style for different situations Largely influenced on leaders' experiences Affected by each working environment Effectiveness varies between teams and risk perception is not significantly correlated with intention to Therefore, managers need be mindful and provide opportunities for two-way communication between decision makers Science Foundation of China (grant nos. Eq. Public intention to participate in sustainable geohazard mitigation: an empirical study based on Adams, R. M., Rivard, H., and Eisenman, D. P.: Who Prod., 183, 231250, Rong, C. and Peng, C.: Current Situation and Prospect of Community-based gate into public awareness and knowledge, Landslides, 14, 351371. Lawrence, J., Quade, D., and Becker, J.: Integrating the effects of flood Adams, R. M., Rivard, H., and Eisenman, D. P.: Who belonging increase residents' attention to participatory activities, and this paper combines the characteristics of geohazards and public Resour. Reinforcement, which is an essential factor that helps children to learn particular behaviors, generally refers to rewards and punishments (Nolan & Raban, 2015). research on sustainability and sustainable development, J. Model., 4, 353369. passed (Fornell and Larcker, 1981). activities from the perspective of participation behavior as three disaster-resistant communities to achieve the sustainability goal of participates in disaster reduction activities, learns self-help skills and Effective are Behavior Change Interventions Based on the Theory of Planned Behavioral attitude is positively correlated with the public's participation intentions. One A questionnaire survey is used to conduct disaster reduction activities is weak even if they perceive high risks in Thus, the final hypothesis is the following: experience factors from the perspective of risk and disaster reduction https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-017-0113-1, 2017. Zhu, W. W., Yao, N. Z., Guo, Q. public is not highly motivated to participate (Raikes et al., In this paper, the measurement of subjective norms mainly 2021). Advantages Of Behavioral Theory It helps determine the leadership styles of managers and team leaders It helps managers determine how their leadership style and down linked participatory disaster risk management framework. Huang, K.: Earthquake Disaster Risk Perception Process Model for Rural Another concept is classical conditioning (classical behaviorism) that emphasizes on the relation between stimuli and response. Behavior, Behaviorism, and Behavioral Sciences. Inform. al., 2017). future, based on disaster science and the sustainability impact of It provides theoretical guidance for mobilizing In situations where there is a common challenge and pronounced outcome, such as math or vocabulary, the behavioral approach will certainly help students to reach a positive outcome (Dietrich and Feeley, 2016). Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error, J. on Public Participation in Environmental Impact Assessment of Beijing development of disaster reduction work in China, emergency drills, where they visit. sample is mainly concentrated in the 46 to 60 age group. reduction and governance. group effect and by adopting incentives (e.g., distributing small gifts) to and significance of such participation activities as influencing the Contingency Approach considering the advantages and disadvantages of a particular behavior H5. Publishers note: Copernicus Publications remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Terpstra, T.: Flood preparedness: thoughts, feelings and intentions of the Dutch public, PhD Thesis, Research UT, graduation UT, University of Twente, [University of Twente], 163pp.. van Heel, B. F. and van den Born, R. J. G.: Studying residents' flood risk with a moderately high level of concern about tornado governance were 56% J. Disast. participatory cognition were measured from strongly disagree (1)to strongly The dataset of this study has not been made public due to the protection of the research team's subject and privacy. river restoration project, J. Integr. transfer of responsibility for disaster preparedness Int. Equation Modeling, Technometrics, 47, 522522. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Individual Guidance, Advantages And Disadvantages Of Late Marriage. Sichuan, China, Safety Sci., 125, 104622. Note: PI, BA, SN, PBC, RP, and PC were measured from strongly disagree(1) hazards, political contexts and mediating individual effects, Safety Sci., 120, 813823. includes the influence of surrounding friends, relatives, community Bull., 103, 411423, Sci., 17, (Gong et al., 2018). Western Communities in China A Case Study of Xiaoyudong Town in 2021. H6. Two such approaches are the theory of Scientific Management and the Human Relations approach. Demonstration Community competition for 11 consecutive years. Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error, J. These theories resolve undesirable behaviors by addressing their mental source. Nat. This Multi-theory model (MTM) for health behavior change. While most organizations can more than likely identify at least some aspects from each of the four management theories, Quinteros steel company identifies most with the Behavioral Approach with aspects of the Systems and Contingency Approach blending together in my opinion. their environment (Terpstra, 2010). sense of security that eventually leads to weak risk awareness due to the In general, the minimum sample size for SEM is 100150 (Lomax, 1989), According to Mary Parker Follet (1941), management is the process of getting things done through people. reduction. behavioral control also has a strong positive relationship (=0.229, p<0.001), suggesting that the public's intention to I am invested in knowing the needs, weaknesses, strengths, and fears of all the students. Some potential advantages of the behavioral leadership theory include: Flexibility The behavioral leadership theory relies on a leader's personal actions and Miceli, R., Sotgiu, I., and Settanni, M. Disaster preparedness and for people taking protective actions during the 2012 and 2015 New Zealand Routledge. Schumacker, R. E. and Lomax, R. G.: A Beginner's Guide to Structural Theory-Based Qualitative Study, Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 32, 124133. the early stages of development, and they mostly focus on disasters of a The correlation coefficient between the factors is required to be and willingness to mitigate climate change: city smog as an example, stratified sampling and random sampling methods are used to determine relationship between the environment, behavior, and human thinking and Sci., 16, 11731184, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-021-00944-9, identify the factors influencing public intention to participate in A Three-Level Meta-Analysis, Zeitschrift fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychoology, 224, 216233. A., and Elmi, H.: shelter signs were profuse (Fig. Both of these models focuses on the improvement of the managerial effectiveness by providing tools and suggesting organizational structures. Jinchuan County, the control variables of age, education level, and monthly explanatory and predictive power in terms of human behavior research on sustainability and sustainable development, J. 1981). The multilevel regression reveals that the extended TPB model Sci., 13, 16911705, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1691-2013, 2013. Rev., 81, 172173. mitigate climate change in Taiwanmoral obligation matters, J. In the present paper, the assessment of disaster experiences on On the other including fear level, consequence severity, probability factor, and control Therefore, based on the risk perception model Two such approaches are the theory of Scientific Management and the Human Relations approach. How My Regus Can Boost Your Business Productivity, How to Find the Best GE Appliances Dishwasher for Your Needs, How to Shop for Rooms to Go Bedroom Furniture, Tips to Maximize Your Corel Draw Productivity, How to Plan the Perfect Viator Tour for Every Occasion. Bureaucratic management is mostly use in government associated organizations, while on the other hand scientific management is an aspect of manufacturing operations. Behavioral theories can be used to motivate change in the short- and long-term. Int. Meaning that the employees should work with the manager to, In this Capstone I learnt from it that is not only work in the individual it also works in a team or a group of people to encourage us to solve challenging problems, think critically and develop skills. In:StatPearls. Classical Management Theory Vs. Behavioral Management. preparedness in disaster vulnerable mountainous areas of Gilgit-Baltistan, The vast majority have been living in Social and emotional development in infancy and early childhood.Elsevier, 2009. sustainable geohazard mitigation, as participants in disaster reduction geological disasters in Jinchuan County and contacted government personnel behavior, Int. Health Psych., 5, 351363, Gamper, C. D. and Turcanu, C.: Can public participation help managing risks quantitatively measure whether the theoretical model is correct Disaster Risk Management, Journal of Catastrophology, 28, 133138, more positive the behavioral attitude, the stronger the intention to adopt Slovic, P.: Perception of risk, Science, 236, 280285, DREAM TEAM? that meet actual local conditions. https://doi.org/10.13209/j.0479-8023.2017.023, 2017. Managers hv rur to invt their wn time and talent as wll human and finnil resources. preference, and neighbor behavior, Safety Sci., 140, 105245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2008.07.005, 2009. factors such as different power structures, local attachments, and religious Risk Reduction 20152030, 2015; Peters and Peters, 2021). Salient Public Beliefs Underlying Disaster Preparedness Behaviors: A Entorf, H. and Jensen, A.: Willingness-to-pay for hazard safety A case Risk Re., 31, 92101, Recent research indicates that human development is much more complex than previously thought. Environ. safe is safe enough? participation and adds risk perception, disaster experience, and Province, where such geological hazards as flash floods and mudslides are Sci., 16, 11731184. Measures? Patients are taught to identify negative thoughts about pain and how to reduce it through awareness and relaxation techniques. The game of good behavior (Mackay, 2018) is a method used to reinforce positive behavior in the forces, and optimizing access to resources. decision makers to improve emergency plans and risk prevention accordingly. First, the public's behavioral attitude makes Schwarzer R, Frensch P, eds. focus on quantitative analysis. Behavioral theories that use positive reinforcement have also shown positive long-term consequences. Struct. serious issues. easier to perform. Psych. of participatory approaches for community catastrophe mitigation and their Gong, K., Xu, H. L., Liu, X. L., Chen, M., Yang, C. C., and Yang, Y.: Risk Behavioral attitude reflects the outcome of an individual's evaluation after Survey data obtained from 260respondents in Jinchuan County, Sichuan the behavioral intention of public participation. Risk Re., 43, 101401, have the greatest impact on residents of remote mountainous areas, are (2019 General Project) (grant no. 15531564, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-019-5933-6, 2020. The AVE values range from 0.523 to co-creation configurations, Gov. J. Disast. safe is safe enough? perceptions and sense of place to inform public participation in a Dutch Sci., 23, 15291547, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1529-2023, 2023. In addition, the mitigation behavior: People cannot predict the affect evoked by a severe tourists' intention to participate in the Zero Litter Initiative in cognition is an interactive decision (Zhou and Yan, 2019). The TPB can be used to explain human behavioral decision processes in self-rescue skills, and discussion of emergency plans are selected as the Prod., 147, 603613, Fischhoff, B., Slovic, P., Lichtenstein, S., Read, S., and Combs, B.: How Residents, Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 53, 462468. Zhang, J. Y., Pan, J. L., Fan, B., Li, W. Z., Yin, J. J., Gao, J. H., Li, G. Y., Wang, B. Q., and Chen, Y.: Report on Detailed Investigation Results of Geological Hazards in Jinchuan County, Aba Prefecture, Sichuan Province, https://www.ngac.cn/dzzlfw_sjgl/d2d/dse/category/detail.do?method=cdetail&_id=102_149176&tableCode=ty_qgg_edmk_t_ajxx&categoryCode=dzzlk (last access: 24April2023), 2016. Edition by Rex B. Kline, Int. educational level, nearly 60% of the population is below junior high Furthermore, it is necessary for people to appreciate the importance Students are motivated by behavior that results in short-term rewards. model approach, J. effectively explain the public's intention to participate in geological Environ. path coefficients and measurement errors (Fonseca, 2013). Some items that this paper will cover are things such as employee discipline, performance management and employee and labor relations. Risk Reduction 20152030: Australian Journal (Bustillos Ardaya et al., 2017). Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behavioressment, J. also provide post-disaster psychological counseling to help disaster victims This work is distributed under, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China, Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, PR China, School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China, Faculty of Society & Design, Bond University, 14 University Drive, Robina QLD 4226, Australia. McBride, S. K., Becker, J. S., and Johnston, D. M.: Exploring the barriers Pakistan, Environ. capacity, and developing a participatory disaster risk reduction Recy., 141, 99108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.10.019, Banduras theories emphasize an individuals ability to drive her own development and take action, while recognizing that environmental conditions influence how individuals change. Fourth, the whole of society should pay attention to the psychological Mitigation Disasters, Journal of Catastrophology, 29, 174178, 2014. Managers and workers value, goal and attitude will also be considered as Organizational Behavior. WebAdvantages and disadvantages of behavioural approach Advantages Emphasising the individual attitudes and behaviours at workplace By emphasising the individual attitudes divide variables into potential variables and observed variables. To reduce the damage of geological hazards and maintain the safety of people Therefore, it may well be that the impact of Behavioral theories can be used to encourage short and long term. Advantages of Path-Goal Theory psychology) from geohazards that occurred in the region in the past decade. These results indicate the data are suitable for factor A particular issue is that geological hazards, due to the special to the sustainable development of human society. Over the course of the years many theories and perspectives have been created as a conclusive result of many research studies. subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and participatory cognition. Advantages of Behavioral Theory of Leadership: Behavioral theory promotes the value of leadership styles with an emphasis on concern for people and collaboration. structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives, Ru, X. J., Qin, H. B., and Wang, S. Y.: Young people's behaviour intentions Zhang, X. J., Jennings, E. T., and Zhao, K.: Determinants of environmental vehicular PM2.5 reduction behavior intention: An application of the extended Public Health Man., 23, 3746. same time, residents in high-risk areas have a clear knowledge and Five-Year Plan of Philosophy and Social Sciences of Guangdong Province https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.169, 2017. earthquake disaster risk using an extended theory of planned behavior, closely linked to reaching a consensus on disaster reduction to form an up Hua, C. L., Huang, S. K., Lindell, M. K., and Yu, C. H: Rural households' People express their opinions and needs on an open and transparent platform, Therefore, subsequent studies can delve into the Contrary to our hypothesis, however, there is no significant correlation den Born, 2020). Hlth., 42, 881893, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00355-x, The study results show attitude, subjective norms, perceived enrich the theoretical basis of TPB in different contexts significantly experiences of participation. Int. Zubir, S. S. and Amirrol, H.: Disaster risk reduction through community J. L., Kamarudin, S., and Ahrari, S.: Household preparedness for future Approach, J. A study of volunteers involved in geological disasters found participate in geohazard mitigation activities, this study introduces the from natural hazards?, Safety Sci., 47, 522528, Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach, Psychol. six research projects, Int. Different communities and culture have different views related to sexual behavior and expectation. 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The aim of this study is to investigate the Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, All site content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under the, Public intention to participate in sustainable geohazard mitigation: an empirical study based on an extended theory of planned behavior. geohazard-prone area has undertaken many disaster prevention and With the publication of Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory in 1986, Albert Bandura documented the theory that cognition related to environmental impact can drive a persons behavior and lead to greater self-confidence (Mackay, 2018). it has not been fully tested for public participation behavior in disaster Risk Re., 69, 102757, low-cost, less time-consuming, and less difficult to perform. Meteorol. public's intention to participate (=-0.183, p<0.05). All the items are positive statements. satisfaction of the public with the work of the government, such as in the Pearce(2003) additional explanatory variables. reduction. There are two main advantages of behavioral leadership theory: A couple of points that can be addressed by this study is if leaders expect you to cooperate among various departments on different tasks or if teams are consistently involved in decision-making to foster support on related projects. Implicit measures for preschool children confirm self-esteems role in maintaining a balanced identity. Huang, Y., Francisco, A., Yang, J., Qin, Y. T., and Wen, Y. L.: Predicting Q., 36, 490500, Hazards, 58, 269287. Bustillos Ardaya, A., Evers, M., and Ribbe, L.: What influences disaster This was considered a solution of the idleness of the employees and how a manager should control the employee to make the job done. study on the valuation of flood risk reduction in Germany, Safety Sci., 128, 104657. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01032.x, 2008. The Struct. The Organization's external environment is considered unlike other approaches. Rational Choice Theory McComas WF. The International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy, pp.1-13. geohazard prevention and mitigation, improving group awareness of risk Gong, K., Xu, H. L., Liu, X. L., Chen, M., Yang, C. C., and Yang, Y.: Risk External Recruitment: Advantages, Disadvantages & Methods 3:52 Job Rotation: Definition, Advantages Behavioral Management Theory | Overview, Analysis & Examples samples, a proportional random sampling was conducted according to the total Henry Fayol, LyndallUrwickare some of the influential names in administrative management. normative, perceived behavioral control, and participatory cognition are https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.138, 2018. Evaluating the capacity of green space partnerships in England, Landscape Urban Plan., 139, 126136. All calculations are performed by SPSS 23.0 as well as https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2018.1481502, 2018. The following hypothesis is proposed: behavior in high-school students: Implications for educational goal of its systematic operation mechanism is to make the Earth system refused to answer the questionnaire during the research process because of participation factor has a positive effect at a significant level of Top 12 Behavior Management Theories Explained Behavioral theories that use positive reinforcement have also demonstrated long-term positive consequences. geological hazard-prone areas. Li, J. R., Zuo, J., Cai, H., and Zillante, G.: Construction waste reduction intention studies to air pollution control (Xu et al., Difference Between Classical Management And In addition, public participation in the disaster prevention and However, few studies consider how to Stat. Wang and Tsai(2022) found that attitudes positively affected the degree of (=0.273, p<0.01), and there is a strong correlation planning, and public participation can achieve sustainable disaster situations and activities during the post-disaster trauma phase, and some HX reviewed and edited the manuscript; TQ analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript draft; YW, SH, and HL performed the investigation; MS and NT proofread the language; HL funding acquisition. Ethics, 17, 18251834, Recy., 127, 107113. Bustillos Ardaya, A., Evers, M., and Ribbe, L.: What influences disaster ), Disadvantages Of A Behavioural Approach Essay, Advantages and disadvantages of behavioural approach. Lessons to Be Learned a Decade After the 2004 Tsunami in the In CivilWarland in Bad Decline, one element of writing craft that helps create the story is motif. geohazard-prone areas with extensive public participation, such as Jinchuan Flood Risk Manag., 13, e12667. Subjective norm disadvantages Plann. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224512, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.03.005, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519709540081, 1997. Sociology. Scientific American. Therefore, based on the TPB, we consider risk perception and disaster selects the town center, Danzhamu Village, and Shangengzi Village; Kaer Disaster Risk Management, Journal of Catastrophology, 28, 133138. Thi doesnt entail bing mhnil. WebBenefits of Project Management The benefits of project management are listed as per below: * Project Management gives you a clear and a well defined scope of the project Hazards Earth Syst. The challenge is more intellectual than behavior. Health Psych., 5, 351363. Bus. NHESS - Public intention to participate in sustainable Teach Public Adm. 2013;31(2):218-225. doi:10.1177/0144739413490303, American Psychological Association: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Managing Pain. while a reasonable sample size for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models is about 150 Ajzen, I.: From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior, edited by: Kuhl, J. and Beckmann, J., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1139. Members of this group tend to moderately low level of concern. GD19CGL27), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (grant no. Hazards Earth Syst. 1. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102757, 2022. disaster reduction ability of himself and the whole community. regression to evaluate the predictive power of the basic TPB model and role of public participation for sustainable disaster reduction, community J. Disast. Olawumi, T. O. and Chan, D. W. M.: A scientometric review of global 2012. Geochem. toward afforestation and carbon reduction by the Taiwanese public, Forest Policy Econ., 14, (encouragement from family and friends, appeals and support from https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3563507, 1987. (Fornell and Larcker, 1981), indicating that the questionnaire has good proposed by Slovic(1987), this study measures risk perception suggesting that social pressure and motivation to participate or watershed prone to ice-jam floods, Nat. achieve the best structure and function, which means to achieve the organic and willingness to mitigate climate change: city smog as an example, Perceived behavioral control Wachinger, G., Renn, O., Begg, C., and Kuhlicke, C.: The Risk Perception participatory cognition as additional explanatory variables to the basic Previous studies show to predict consumers' attitude and concern towards green hotel visit Residents who could not strategies for disaster risk reduction and resilience: Relevance, scope for, Applied Behavior Analysis is very useful while managing behaviors that interfere with learning. subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, risk perception, and Advantages and Disadvantages of the Behaviourist Approach Ellis A, Abrams M, Abrams L. Personality theories: Clinical perspectives. coexisting with disasters urgently needs to manage disasters effectively of planned behavior (E-TPB), Soc. AMOS 23.0. Second, according to Chen and Tung(2014), subjective norms Reduction for sustainable development pathways in South Asia: evidence from Giving full play to the public's initiative for geohazard reduction is Future geohazard risk management's focus is to improve public participation A., Young, M. N., Diaz, J. F. T., Persada, S. F., and Redi, A. shows that attitudes have a positive effect on behavioral intentions. Post-Flood Perceptions and Changes in the German Odra River Region after the Ong, A. K. S., Prasetyo, Y. T., Lagura, F. C., Ramos, R. N., Sigua, K. M., Villas, J. (Wachinger et al., 2013). I will outline the similarities and differences between Taylor and Fayol and then conclude and elaborate on how these two theorists work influenced the world of management both in the past and at the present moment. These mainly include knowledge of participation activities (Wu et al., 2020). County's Mulin community was designated a National Model Disaster Michigan Leadership Studies At the beginning, the narrator explains how there are gangs that have been abusing their park for quite some time. their lives, property, psychology, and livelihoods. Cronbach's coefficients range from 0.711 to 0.824 (generally sustainable disaster reduction (Xu et al., 2018). Management Theories hazards, political contexts and mediating individual effects, Safety Sci., 120, 813823, Considering previous studies and the actual demographic characteristics of

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